I think this is a bug in PhoneGap Build. The export from Construct 2 clearly specifies in config.xml:
<preference name="permissions" value="none"/>
However if you build the .ipa, rename to .zip, open and extract, the bundled config.xml file is a "hello world" style default which says nothing much about permissions, so I guess it might default to asking for location.
According to this thread: http://community.phonegap.com/nitobi/topics/how-to-i-turn-off-geolocation-when-using-phonegap-build - it sounds like it's been a problem before:
[quote:3oquyyrs]That's a good idea. My guess is, that PGB never built with your config.xml and took a default config instead. That has been reported several times before.
I'd report this to the PhoneGap Build service, I don't think it's related to Construct 2 at all, our export is trying to say that it does not require any permissions. Geolocation calls are made strictly only from the Geolocation object, so if that is not in your project, the C2 engine is not making any location requests.